How Does Seeking Safety Therapy Help PTSD Patients

How Does Seeking Safety Therapy Help PTSD Patients PTSD Treatment Print How Does Seeking Safety Therapy Help PTSD Patients? By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Joe Houghton/Moment/Getty Images  Seeking SafetyI  is a form of  cognitive-behavioral group therapy that specifically targets the unique problems that result when people struggle with drug and alcohol abuse as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Why People With PTSD Have Substance Abuse Problems PTSD is an anxiety disorder and many people with such disorders and other mental health conditions turn to drugs and alcohol to cope with their feelings of discomfort. People with PTSD tend to be hypervigilant. That is, they may refuse to sit with their back to the door because they want to see whos coming and going at all times in an effort to make them feel safe. They may have flashbacks of the traumatic event or refuse to go places that remind them of the event or visit any location where they feel they could be victimized again. If they survived a traumatic event while others did not, they may have survivors guilt.   To numb the traumatic feelings, people with PTSD may use drugs and alcohol to self-medicate. Initially, using drugs or alcohol to suppress difficult feelings might seem to help the individuals who engage in it manage life for a while, but often this behavior eventually catches up with them. The Harm of Self-Medicating Self-medicating can adversely affect ones health, strain relationships, endanger ones career, and result in financial troubles. Self-medicating may also cause the symptoms of a mental health condition to worsen, the exact opposite effect those who use drugs and alcohol to cope actually want. In some cases, self-medicating may lead a person with PTSD to  experience another traumatic event or result in their death. After all, many people with substance abuse problems die in drunk driving  crashes or overdose. Seeking Safety offers people with PTSD an alternative to alcohol and drugs.  It teaches these individuals a number of different coping skills, so they can avoid the number of negative outcomes people with substance abuse problems face. These coping mechanisms  include learning how to ask others for help, recognizing warning signs or high-risk situations for drug and alcohol use, self-care, and coping with PTSD symptoms.   The top priority of Seeking Safety therapy is improving the persons safety; as a result, all skills are geared towards this focus. Wrapping Up If you have PTSD and are inappropriately using drugs or alcohol to cope, speak with a mental health provider about the benefits and drawbacks of Seeking Safety therapy. An honest conversation with your therapist may help you determine whether Seeking Safety is a suitable therapy for you or if youd be better off with another form of intervention. Group therapy, however, can let you know that youre not alone and that many other people whove endured a traumatic event have turned to alcohol and drugs, be they prescription or street drugs, to cope with their symptoms. In addition, in group therapy sessions youll be surrounded with a group of your peers rather than an authority figure, such as a psychiatrist. If you tend to have a problem with authority figures, such as police officers, doctors, teachers or your own parents, ongoing group therapy sessions may be a welcome change.

Emma Watson and bell hooks Discuss Feminism

If you imagine who British actor Emma Watson is hanging out with on any given day, feminist icon bell hooks probably doesnt come to mine. But it turns out that Watson, the UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, and hooks, a leading feminist theorist and cultural critic, have mutual girl crushes on each other. Watson began reading hookss work after her appointment to the UN, and hooks is a fan of Emmas for her portrayal of Hermione Granger in the  Harry Potter  film series. Paper Magazine got them together to talk about their crushes and the essence of them--a shared passion for feminism. These are the most insightful and inspiring takeaways from it. The Struggle to be Cool Watson and hooks reflected on how girls and women often struggle to actualize their authentic, empowered selves because of internalized expectations of who we are supposed to be and how we are supposed to act. Watson recounted how when she first began playing Hermione Granger, she felt pressure to distance herself from the character while giving interviews out of a fear that it was not cool for girls to behave like Hermione. She remembers asking herself, What do young girls talk about? What do they say?, and coming up with, I like going shopping and I have a crush on Brad Pitt, even though what she really liked at that time was school, and had no idea who Brad Pitt was.   This story resonated with hooks as an example of how girls go through periods of trying on acceptable images of femininity, which serves to illustrate that as a society, we need to broaden and diversify those acceptable images so that girls and women can feel comfortable being who they really are. The Importance of Self-Love and Not Trying to Please Everybody When hooks asked Watson what power means to her in the context of feminism, Watson explained that what has been most empowering for her as she has studied feminism through reading is how it has enabled her to let go of self-criticism, and instead, to practice self-love. hooks added that, especially in the digital age, when people can so easily take your words and actions out of context and vilify you for them, it is important for women and girls to get over any kind of attachment to perfectionism, or to being liked by everybody all the time, or understood by everybody all the time. Girls and women, far more than boys and men, are socialized to please others, and it is truly hard to shake off this expectation, but the truth is, it is not our job to make everyone happy and like us. And this is truly a liberating realization. Feminists Can Be and Are Fun and Funny! Both Watson and hooks acknowledge that feminism gets a bad rap because of stereotypes of feminists as humorless killjoys, and this is a serious problem for the movement. In contrast, Watson explained that part of what she loves about hooks is how funny she is when she speaks about feminism. hooks then pointed out, Humor is essential to working with difficult subjects: race, gender, class, sexuality. If you cant laugh at yourself and be with others in laughter, you really cannot create meaningful social change. Feminists Must Be Allowed to Be Whole, Complex, and Balanced People Related to the fact that feminists can be and are funny,  hooks discussed the larger problem of women not being represented as whole and complex people as they age. Instead, in popular culture and in the popular imaginary, they lose their sexuality, their empowerment, and the essence of what makes them cool—something that hooks fears happened to Hermione in the film version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. hooks admitted that as she has aged, she has felt constrained by expectations that she must be the activist version of herself at all times, but that there is more to who she is than the person who fights racism and sexism. She explained that she is genuinely interested in fashion and beauty too, and she counseled Watson to keep fun and leisure in her new life of activism, saying, Everyone needs to have a balanced life. Being balanced is crucial, because it helps us not to over-extend or to try to live up to other peoples expectations in ways that leave you feeling empty. Feminism is Listening and Learning hooks applauded Watson for working hard to learn about feminism and issues that affect women and girls by reading widely and by engaging broadly with a diverse group of people. Watson said of taking a year off from acting, I want to do a lot of listening, which is an important aspect of the feminist worldview and practice: listening to others and learning from them. We Must Bravely Breach Boundaries The meetings—theyve had a few now—and conversations between Watson and hooks have crossed boundaries of age, race, class, nationality, profession, and that between academia and the public sphere. This kind of meeting and talking across boundaries, with respect for difference and an interest in learning from it, is crucial to the liberatory work of feminism. Of their newfound bond and shared commitment to feminism, hooks remarked, I feel like part of creating a world that is just and diverse is pushing against those boundaries that close us off from one another. Im glad that Im not closed off from you, and that were going to have more fun conversations in the days ahead. Anyone who fancies themselves a feminist, or a person committed to equality for all, can learn a lot from these two.

Social Policy For Shared Societies - 982 Words

(163HS-233F-1: Social Policy for Shared Societies Fall 2016) (By Krishna Prasad Subedi, COEX Program) Reflection of Presentation 11/30/2016 Summary My presentation was based on my previous work experience where I worked as Program Coordinator. The name of the organization is Public Welfare Society Nepal (PWSN) which is located in a rural part of Nepal. Since its establishment in 1990, PWSN has been working in different fields such as health, education, brain drain, environment, agriculture, rural reconstruction, peace-building, community empowerment, and so forth. PWSN has been collaborating with several international organizations (INGOs) for a number of programs. PWSN is fascinating different professionals from different fields for new work. PWSN not only acts as planners but also implements of development plans at the local level. PWSN is helping with mobilizing the local resources to the development growth. This organization is supporting for building a self-reliant sustainable society. The best role of this organization is to mediate between the government and local people. PWSN is also playing an important role to redu ce ethnic conflict by launching rural community participatory programs. Organization and Work Since PWSN has launched the reconstruction and brain gain program, society is adapting to its physical environment. The brain gain program is developing natural and human resources to meet the need of local people. In the local level, organizationShow MoreRelatedAssess the Sociological Perspectives on Crime Prevention. [20 Marks]769 Words   |  4 PagesThe effectiveness of crime prevention strategies has increased in recent years and many sociologists believe that this is the result of society instilling tougher punishments upon its’ members. Despite this, there are many other approaches that attempt to reduce crime. However, they also have their limitations. Clarke believes that situational crime prevention is an approach that focuses on reducing the opportunities for crime to occur rather than improving society’s institutions. This isRead MoreIs There A Sociology Of Love?1046 Words   |  5 Pageslooked at different sexual relationships Sociological perspectives are theories that we use in the sociological world to view our social environment. These are principles set in sociology to answer, illustrate, describe or relate to a certain phenomenon, to give us a perception on a subject. The sociology theories are to enable us to analyse, predict or explain our social sphere. There are macro and micro level analysis of how perspectives work. I am going to evaluate contrasting sociological perspectivesRead MoreThe Corporate Soul is the Culture of an Organization653 Words   |  3 Pages ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE INTRODUCTION: Just as society has a culture, so has an organization. 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Amanda Keddie suggests that equityRead MoreDiversity Is The Equal Coexistence Of Diverse Cultures, Institutions, And / Or Individuals1557 Words   |  7 Pagesvariety of human characteristics (Koppelman 2014). A challenge of diversity faced is on American Education. Education is most important because our future society depends on it and if we did not have it our future would most certainly fail. Learning and schooling is critical for everyone to gain knowledge and continue leading our diverse society forward into the right direction. Since diversity is a common issue relating to students who have gone through these situations there have been many intenseRead MorePrivacy And Surveillance Technology Has Increased Within The Realm Of Web 2.01615 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and surveillance is exponentially growing, as are the social mediums that extend its reach. Defined as a close monitori ng system that targets the actions of an individual, surveillance and surveillance technology has increased within the realm of Web 2.0. Anonymity on the Web has succumbed due to the high increase of surveillance, as social networking sites such as, Facebook, facilitate in sustained monitoring of people engaged in everyday activities, whether it be in public or in privateRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media is online platforms that are accessed through websites and phone applications where people can share photos, videos, thoughts, ideas, opinions, etc. Social media has been an ever changing and growing technology in today’s society. Some of the most popular social media platforms today consist of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Periscope, Pinterest, YouTube, and Reddit. As of January of 2016 there were over 2.307 billion active social media users (Chaffey, 2016). â€Å"Members of social networkingRead MoreThe Influence o f Ther Catholic Church on Iriish Social Policy1740 Words   |  7 PagesChurch on Irish Social Policy This essay examines the influence of the Catholic Church on Irish Social Policy. This essay will focus on the Church’s role as a provider of charity. It seeks to address the following questions: How does one define social policy? Why did strong ties exist between The Catholic Church and the Irish State? Why did the Catholic Church endorse the principle of subsidiarity? What key policies are evident of Catholic influence? How does one define Social Policy? According toRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Christianity903 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Roman society before this time period was religiously devoted to polytheistic deities. The birth of Jesus and the eventual spread of Christianity brought forth many social and political changes to this society. Christianity was at first persecuted by other religions, and later it would persecute them. Although Christianity in ancient Rome shared some similarities to traditional Roman religion, it was ultimately an absolute change in the ideals and socio-political policies of the Roman RepublicRead MoreThe Identity Of The Arab Nations National Identity1366 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence in the daily lives of the people in MENA. â€Å"Language, culture, social, and political, economic interests, and a collective memory of their place and role in history. The logic of nationhood is frequently being formed and reformed, reflecting changing conditions and self-conceptions; together these deny total separation as well as complete incorporation in the way communities relate to one another is fortified by shared images and origins† (Barakat, Halim). 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Applied Social Psychology and Causes The Case of Control Arms Campaign Free Essays

During the course of discussions on topics on Social Psychology, I had a realization on the importance of Social Psychology as a school of thought. It dawned on me that the social-psychological school of thought has its relevance on how individuals perceive, create and recreate relationships within and among groups. One of the most practical applications of the range of topics within this course is in asking what makes the individual tick in a particular group. We will write a custom essay sample on Applied Social Psychology and Causes: The Case of Control Arms Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personally, social psychology’s relevance lies in asking: what drives the individual to act in such a way within a group? In class, we have been bombarded by a mà ©lange of ideas and concepts that range from complex interpretations of social actions, to trivial and too obvious actions of the individual within the context of his social interactions. With that said, this paper focuses on the relevance of applying social psychology in social activism especially in the areas of advocacy and campaigns. Specifically, I would like to focus on the individual’s support for a particular cause which in this case is an international treaty. The assumption that I am making in this paper is that the different theories discussed in class are not fragmented concepts to deal with but are all helpful in making social psychology relevant in reality. With that said, the discussion here attempts to integrate the concepts to make a coherent framework with which to approach campaigning for an international treaty. Advocacy and Campaigns: The Arms Trade Treaty Control Arms (2007) stated that, â€Å"There are at least 639 million small arms and light weapons in the world.† The leading group campaigning for global measure on arms explains that around two-thirds of these firearms are in the hands of civilians. This implies that if we want peace, addressing the issue of arms proliferation is a very huge leap towards lessening gun-related deaths and in achieving world peace. However, the campaign is not without its setbacks. Until now, no global agreement on international arms transfers exist, although the relationship is clear vis-à  -vis the high number of guns available for civilians and deaths. (Control Arms, 2003). Small arms and light weapons are considered as the new â€Å"weapons of mass destruction,† because guns kill people—innocent civilians, women and children. Guns fuel greater violence and it creates fear and trauma on communities. Americans are better off than our African and Asian counterparts because we are at peace. Ironically, we are one of the biggest producers of weapons for warfare and the biggest of which is guns. Applying Social Psychology Concepts on Advocacy and Campaigns One of the initial weaknesses of this campaign is in the lack of public support for it. In the United States, the reactions on an international treaty that regulates arms transfers from one country to another differ greatly. It is bipolar: the pro-guns versus the anti-guns. It is also a crisis of public perception: between what is popular and what people typically approve. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   On Norms Cialdini (2003) presents what I call a ‘social form of schizophrenia’ when there is a discrepancy between what people do and what they typically approve of—which are two entirely different characteristics. Furthermore, Cialdini proposed that norms determine actions, and thus, the prevailing norms on gun culture determine people’s behavior towards it. How to cite Applied Social Psychology and Causes: The Case of Control Arms Campaign, Papers

Research Essays for Organisational Behaviour - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theResearch Essays for Organisational Behaviour for Attitudes. Answer: The study of organisational behaviour (OB) focuses on the subject of how organisational people interact within teams in a corporate environment. The approach of organisational behaviour and the theoretical concept has been implemented by the contemporary managers to influence and manage the workforce (Tong and Wang, 2011). Primarily, the theoretical concept of OB is aimed to enhance the performance output of the human resources. In the particular study, different models and theoretical concepts related to organisational behaviour have been addressed that can be applied in an organisational setting. Based on the previous literature and models, the research essay examines a number of factors determining attitudes influencing the behaviour of individual employees and groups at work. In the study, the circumstances influencing attitudes to determine the behaviours at work have been analysed. Furthermore, the role of attitude for an individual at work has been elaborated by providing theoretical concepts and arguments. By considering the OB theories of renowned authors, the study essay examines the factors determining either job satisfaction of the human resources or organisational commitment (Toga, Khayundi and Mjoli, 2014). Lastly, the essay reviews the influence of organisational commitment on the staffs associated with a firm. Evidently, to identify the employee engagement, modern managers must evaluate how much-committed employees are with their given job responsibilities. In the contemporary management status, the research area of organisational behaviour includes a number of philosophical and theoretical models influencing job performance, the attitude of the human resources determining behaviours, job satisfaction of employees, staff commitment, and promoting innovation within the human resources management. In the review of the literature, Brown (2011) suggested that attitude cannot always predict behaviours. Precisely, there are a number of circumstances that must be evaluated influencing attitudes. Most importantly, intention to act can be identified as one of the variables in which attitude can forecast behaviours. Furthermore, the strength of attitude, as well as the situational aspects, shapes evident circumstances that can help to determine behaviours using attitude. In another review, Kuba (2013) described that attitude could not be inferred from behaviour. Clearly, assumptions of human attitude cannot be used to predict behaviours. In a wor kplace, the perceived control of individuals action must be identified to determine the behaviour of an individual through attitude. In the meanwhile, organisational behaviour has concentrated on a number of subjects. The behaviour of the human resources can be evaluated under the term cause and effect of relations with managers (Toga, Khayundi and Mjoli, 2014). In general, managers of modern firms have tried to predict the effect of a decision or activity on human behaviour. In order to draw the correct behaviour of the human resources, the managers must develop systematic knowledge related to the behaviour of human resources. The theoretical concept of human relations approach will be evident in this regard. According to the concept, researchers have evaluated that significant factors of human resources can develop group norms exerting a substantial effect on the performance of workforce (Loughlin and Barling, 2011). Understandably, attitudes are important for an individual as well. Attitudes influence a persons behaviour in both positive and negative way. It is important to note that an individual may not be always aware of their attitude and the impact of attitude on behaviour (Maynard and Parfyonova, 2013). Furthermore, a person with positive attitude towards co-employees and organisation such as friendliness and contentment will create a positive environment at the workplace. The positive attitude is manifested in an individuals behaviour. The positive environment created by a person at workplace through positive attitude will influence other people around them. Moreover, a person with positive attitude will be more active towards their job and render higher level of productivity in the organisation. However, a person with negative attitude such as boredom and discontentment will create a negative environment in the organisation (Maynard and Parfyonova, 2013). An individual with negative attitude will affect others performance and lead to reduced effectivene ss and efficiency at organisation. Hence, it is important for a person to understand self attitude and maintain positive attitude at workplace to influence the efficiency and productivity of the workforce. On the other hand, attitude is a key factor that influenced a persons behaviour that further manipulates job satisfaction and organisation commitment. Apparently, the study of the factors determining job satisfaction and organisational commitment must be discussed to identify the impact of the same on organisational behaviours. In the meantime, there are a number of factors affecting the job satisfaction of the employees promoting employee engagement at the highest order. Sasser and Sorensen (2016) identified some of the factors determining job satisfaction of human resources increasing productivity and performance. First and foremost, working conditions under which an employee spend substantial time can be termed as the leading factor to enhance job satisfaction. A favourable working environment including modern facilities and communication set up can efficiently deliver job satisfaction. On the other hand, monetary compensation and career develop opportunity provided by a company can increase the standard of job satisfaction among corporate employees. For instance, employees will be highly satisfied with the job if there is scope for career development. Every employee wants higher compensation by proving their worth towards the management. Hence, organisations must encourage staff members to attain new skills to accomplish the career objectives and goals (Passarelli, 2010). Thus, advancement opportunity in a job can deliver job satisfaction to the human resources. Notably, heavy workload and stress can create adverse effect on employees. Even dedicated employees can find it difficult to handle excess workload contributing towards lower job satisfaction. Meanwhile, attitude of the supervisor and managers can be considered as other factor influencing job satisfaction as well (Sasser and Sorensen, 2016). When employees receive applause and recognition for a job, ability and satisfaction level of the employees are increased. Effectively, a satisfied workforce can reduce the employee turnover rate as employees want to stick to the existing companies for a long time. According to Zheng, Sharan and Wei (2010), the success of an organisation is determined by the performance of the staffs. Furthermore, the performance of the staff highly depends upon their commitment towards the organisation. There are several factors that influence organisational commitment of the employees. For instance, job satisfaction, organisation climate and leadership style are the key factors that makes the employees committed towards the organisation. It is the role of the managers to ensure, implement and monitor the factors the factors that influence organisational commitment (Melhem, 2004). Employees with higher organisational commitment will render better performance and productivity. The managers must play the role of a leader in order to check the working conditions, workplace environment, compensation packages, job security, promotion opportunity, and relationship with and among employees to enhance job satisfaction of the staffs (Einolander, 2016). In order to develop a better working environment, the managers must observe the behaviour of their subordinates. For instance, it is important for the managers to understand what the staffs think about their work and how do the employees performance in the job. Additionally, the managers need to maintain good relationship with the workers to understand their needs (Passarelli, 2010). A proper understanding of the staffs commitment towards the organisation helps the managers to in develop the workplace conditions and apply different techniques to improve employee motivation and satisfaction. Furthermore, the managers can make use of the motivational theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Hertzbergs Two Factor theory and other theories to motivate the employees and increase their commitment towards the organisation (Herminingsih, 2017). Hence, it is important for the managers to take care about how committed their staffs are in order to maintain a better workplace environment and improve organisational performance. On the basis of the above analysis, certain recommendations are made for the managers to improve organisation behaviour in order to enhance the productivity of the workforce. It is important to note that in all circumstances, attitude do not represent the behaviour of a person. Attitude is just one of the factors that influence the behaviour of the employees. Hence, it is recommended to the managers to develop systematic knowledge related to the behaviour of the human resources in order to manage the workers effectively and develop a positive environment at workplace. However, the attitude of a person is an essential factor that influences his or her behaviour. Therefore, it is recommended to the manager to maintain positive attitude at workplace in order to influence the behaviour of other employees. Furthermore, it is important for the managers to have proper knowledge of the factors that determines either job satisfaction and organisation commitment to increase the productivity an d performance of the employees. Application of knowledge in the real life scenario can be helpful for the managers to motivate the employees and increase their job satisfaction level. With higher level of satisfaction, the organisational commitment becomes strong that enhances the performance of the workforce. Finally, the managers must take care of the commitment level of the staffs towards the organisation. By applying various motivational theories, the managers can get aware of the employees needs and develop the workplace environment to increase their job satisfaction. Conclusively, the application of the Organisational Behaviour theory in real life scenario can be helpful to maintain corporate culture at workplace and influence the employees to give their best in the job. References Brown, I. (2011). Privacy Attitudes, Incentives and Behaviours.SSRN Electronic Journal. Einolander, J. (2016). Organizational Commitment and Engagement in Two Finnish Energy Sector Organizations. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 26(3), pp.408-423. Herminingsih, A. (2017). The Influence of the Organizational Justice and Trust to the Leaders on Employee Engagement with Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variable.Archives of Business Research, 5(2). Kuba, Y. (2013). Congruence and incongruence as human attitudes.Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies, 12(3), pp.200-208. Loughlin, C. and Barling, J. (2011). Young workers' work values, attitudes, and behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), pp.543-558. Maynard, D. and Parfyonova, N. (2013). Perceived overqualification and withdrawal behaviours: Examining the roles of job attitudes and work values.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(3), pp.435-455. Melhem, Y. (2004). The antecedents of customer?contact employees empowerment.Employee Relations, 26(1), pp.72-93. Passarelli, G. (2010). Employees skills and Organisational Commitment.International Business Research, 4(1). Sasser, M. and Sorensen, O. (2016). Doing a Good Job-the Effect of Primary Task Quality on Well-Being and Job Satisfaction.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 26(3), pp.323-336. Toga, R., Khayundi, D. and Mjoli, T. (2014). The Impact of Organisational Commitment and Demographic Variables on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Tong, J. and Wang, L. (2011). Work Locus of Control and its Relationship to Stress Perception, Related Affections, Attitudes and Behaviours from a Domain-specific Perspective.Stress and Health, 28(3), pp.202-210. Zheng W., Sharan K. and Wei J. (2010). New Development of Organizational Commitment: A Critical Review (1960-2009). African Journal of Business Management. 4(1), pp.12-20.

The Role of Word and Sacrament in the Life of Catholics

Catholics in the United States are the representatives of one of the largest religious groups, and Catholicism has deep roots in the country’s history. That is why, the Catholic tradition and the views of Catholics on Word and sacraments can be discussed as reflecting the visions of the majority of Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Word and Sacrament in the Life of Catholics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of Word and Sacrament in the life of those Catholics who follow their religious tradition strictly is significant because Word of God is associated with main religious doctrines and principles of Catholicism, and sacraments can be discussed as the main rites of passage which determine the major stages in the human life and accentuate the connection of an individual with the faith. Catholics focus on belonging to the community and church while following the fundamental relig ious principles and doctrines. The everyday life of Catholics should be based on spirituality, faith, and religious tradition. Moreover, Catholicism provides people with a set of moral norms and rules which are necessary to follow and live according to God’s laws (Allitt, 2003). The principles of Catholicism are meaningful for Americans because they depend on the aspects of the historic development (Hemeyer, 2010). According to Corbett and Hemeyer, â€Å"Catholics were among the first, if not the first, Europeans to set foot upon the shores of America† that is why it is quite usual for Americans to share the Catholic tradition (Corbett Hemeyer, 1997, p. 89). As a result, â€Å"the majority of people in the United States consider Catholics to be a part of consensus religion. Catholicism is not viewed as ‘out-of-the-ordinary’ religion† (Corbett Hemeyer, 1997, p. 92). From this point, the main tendencies of the American society’s development a re formed within the Catholic communities which can influence the life of a lot of Americans considerably. Thus, Catholics’ visions of Word and Sacrament become especially significant for discussing the Americans’ religious tradition and spirituality in relation to Christianity. The guidelines to find the principles of religion and rules to follow can be reached with references to Word of God presented in the Bible. Catholics are inclined to discuss Word of God as God’s will or even as the equivalent of God. Thus, God’s will make Catholics act according to this will and according to the specific doctrines and codes presented in relation to the dogmas of Catholicism (Hemeyer, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Catholics follow Word of God because it can be discussed as the single truth presented directly by God. From this perspective, following Word, people have to provide the definite response to this will. Catholics react to Word of God with following the religious principles and building their life according to the Catholic tradition. God’s truth is reflected in Word that is why people can grow spiritually basing on the visions provided in the Bible (Allitt, 2003). Furthermore, Catholics can draw conclusions about the aspects of religion only referring to Word of God. However, to build the life according to Word of God and main Catholic principles, it is necessary to follow definite religious procedures known as sacraments. Thus, Word of God and Sacrament are the basic aspects of the Catholic worship. The American Catholic Church provides people with the opportunity to attend it as the centers for worship and for developing the community life (Hemeyer, 2010). Church is significant during the periods of trouble and when people experience crises in their life. Those Catholics who cannot find the answer to the quest ions of spirituality with the help of interpreting Word of God are inclined to act and follow sacraments which reflect the main stages or passages in the human life such as the process of adopting the religion or marriage (Corbett Hemeyer, 1997). Sacraments are the meaningful rituals which can deepen the individual’s faith and connect the person with God more closely, developing one’s spirituality. Thus, to accept God’s will and to participate in Sacrament, Catholics should follow a range of rituals. Moreover, the role of sacraments is incomparable because they help determine the main aspects of the life and accentuate the sacred fields of the human existence. Catholics determine seven main sacraments which are Baptism, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Marriage, Eucharist, Holy Orders, and Anointing of the Sick. According to Hemeyer, the first and the main sacrament that Catholics participate in is Baptism. Thus, Catholics believe that â€Å"baptism is necessary for the removal of the inborn sin that is a part of all persons simply because they are human† (Hemeyer, 2010, p. 99).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Word and Sacrament in the Life of Catholics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To become a Catholic, it is necessary to be baptized according to the principles of this religion. Baptism is an important stage of cleaning the soul and body from the sins, and it is a kind of protection for a human provided by the religion. Baptized Catholics begin to celebrate God and his will fully. Eucharist is a ritual when Catholics share Christ’s Body and Blood in the form of bread and wine. It is an important stage of becoming closer to Christ spiritually. Sacraments are significant to teach Catholics the basics of religion according to God’s Word. Thus, God forgives the people’s sins, and Catholics are taught to forgive during the sacrament of Reconciliation (Hemeyer, 2010). To develop the mature spirituality, Catholics are expected to follow the ritual of Confirmation. Holy Orders help Catholics join Church and share the basic religious doctrines. Anointing of the Sick is a specific sacrament in which a priest usually uses oil to anoint a person â€Å"who is ill or in danger of dying from accident or old age†, and this sacrament is a way of â€Å"mediating the concern of Christ and the Church for the suffering person† (Hemeyer, 2010, p. 103). Marriage is one more Catholic sacrament. Getting married in front of God, Catholics state their belonging to their spouses and accentuate the religious power of the union of persons who love each other. Sacraments in the form of definite rituals and ceremonies help Catholics share the love of Christ and follow God’s will reflected in Word. Moreover, Word of God can be regarded as the single source of God’s will available for Catholics’ understa nding. The interpretation of Word of God presented in the Bible is the Catholics’ way to deepening their faith and spirituality. Furthermore, the Bible is the source of ethical rules and codes for the Christians.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Catholics receive the knowledge of God with references to Word of God provided in the Bible. Sacraments are extremely significant for Catholics because these acts help people connect their lives with God. According to the religious visions, Catholics can feel God’s grace and love while following these sacraments. References Allitt, P. (2003). Religion in America. USA: Columbia University Press. Corbett, J. M., Hemeyer, J. C. (1997). Religion in America. USA: Prentice Hall. Hemeyer, J. C. (2010). Religion in America. USA: Prentice Hall. 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Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSION:REFERENCESRelated EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Being founded in 1948 in Japan by Soichiro Honda, the organization has come a long way from motorcycle manufacturer at the early stages to manufacturing high power electronic items and technologically sound automobiles, trucks etc. in a short duration after its foundation, Honda motors became the leading automobile industry, standing not only in the top market players in its native market but leaving behind the regional competitors and competing at the global level with automobile giants like GM, Ford, Mercedes Benz and Chrysler etc. Being the first amongst the Japanese manufacturing companies to expand its operations globally, Honda faced numerous challenges in making its products acceptable by the European and American customers who were used to big, fuel consuming expensive cars. Honda played it beautifully by presenting low cost, high quality less fuel consumption vehicles, and now with majority of its sales volume generating outside the native region and approximately half of th e manufacturing facilities outside Japan, the basic principle remains the same i.e. technologically advanced low cost vehicles. With more than 400 subsidiaries and sister concern around the world, Honda has managed the famous Japanese management theory of JIT (just in time), also the management systems and decision making processes applied by the organization has brought quite a stir in the management theorists of the west, who found it imperative to study these and make comparison with those applied in their region. Though, Honda has also shifted from time to time to some of the western management concepts but with some modification, the organization still adheres to the basic Japanese management systems of giving human relationships most importance and doing collective decision making and sharing responsibilities down the line. In this case study, it was studied how Honda motors handles various managerial dichotomies in organizational hierarchy, new product development, JIT system supply chain, product strategies like designing and positioning, and planning intra-organizational and inter-organizational relationships. It has emerged by this study that Honda has managed and reconciled these dichotomies successfully though some failures were also faced but the overall performance of the organization can be termed successful. INTRODUCTION The today’s highly advanced and technologically sound global automobile industry has evolved successfuly from a humble origin of wooden craft in 1890s to engine based vehicles’ mass production in 1910s and the highly popularized lean production methods of 1970s (Gopal, 2006). The industry has made speedy advancement to stand amongst the world’s top industries in terms of value and the leading industry in terms of its RD expenditures (Gopal, 2006). Due to such rapid growth of this business sector Peter Drucker (1946) termed the world automobile indutsry the ‘industry of industries’. Today, the global automobile industry has growth plans keeping view the low cost, high quality, less fuel consumption engines, innovation and modern techniques. Though the current reccession has marred the growth rate of the industry like other sectors, the global wutomobile industry is fighting hard to retain its profitability and higher shareholder value. The global industry was initially dominated by the US and European manufacturers, but the post world war II Japan started to challenge the big giants of the sector in the world market and penetrated the purely European and American automobile market successfully during 1970s and 1980s (Mair, 1999). The Japanese manufacturers like Toyota, Nissan and Honda shcoked their western competitors in producing low cost vehicles to enter thier segments. Honda was most innovative, challenging and strategically sound an\mongst all its Japaenes counterparts and not only successfully captured the western markets but also succeeded in opening its manufacturing sites both in the Europe and USA and achieved economies of scale. Today, a large portion of its sales volume (approximately 77%) is generated from these foreign markets with 46% of its manufacturing facilities present off-shore (Mair 1997). The analysis that is going to be presented in this report is how Honda succeeded to achieve its present market positiong and how it tackled various obstacles in terms of management or strategical policies procedures. Table 1: World’s top car manufacturers (2008) Group Unit Production General Motors 9000 8926 Toyota 9000 8083 Ford 7000 6268 Volkswagen Group 6000 5685 Honda 4000 3670 PSA 4000 3357 Nissan 4000 3223 Chrysler 3000 2545 Source: http://auto.indiamart.com/cars/car-statistics/international-statistics.html Renault 3000 2492 Honda has built its procedure of strategic management on a very special thinking i.e. to reconcile the dichotomies or to resolve the issues successfully, which means that Honda chooses to take advantage of all the dichotomies or in other words, the contradictions of strategic concepts such as individualism-collectivism, vertical-horizontal structure, vertical integration-market relationship, sequential-simultaneous development, cost-differentiation strategy and load more. Reconciliation refers to an approach in which the two poles are somehow made in harmony with each other. Honda’s approach to reconciling dichotomies is an exemplary innovation in management. Honda has contributed significantly in teaching today’s managers the best ways to resolve some of the hardest management dilemmas. It is also a great reference for management students all around the world (Mair, 1997). Keywords: a) Global corporate Strategy: Andrews K (1971) has defined the corporate strategy as the   pattern of minor objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business is company in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is it to be. In today’s global village, organizations develop strategies to cater internal as well as off-shore customers to achieve the competitive advantage. b)   Managerial dichotomies: When one thing is divided in two or more different parts or opposite opinions, we said that a dichotomy occurs1. When we talk about managerial dichotomies, it means clash of different strategic concepts that are contradictory to each other in a business run. c)   Japanese vs. Western style of management: in view of Wickham (2009), the comparison of these two thinking of management could well be defined as â€Å"To do the Right Things or do Things Right?  The What and the How. At one hand, if Japanese management style focuses more on human relations and team working, the western style is more inclined towards hierarchy i.e. it is more top-down style which gives CEOs more importance and rewards whereas, Japanese emphasize more on advanced manufacturing technologies, just in time theory and TQM (total quality management), their western counterparts believe on trade-offs between cost quality and individualism group etc (Wickham, 2009). d)   Corporate Governance: It defines the relationship between all the stakeholders in a company. This includes the shareholders, directors, and management of a company, as defined by the corporate charter, bylaws, formal policy and rule of law (Investopedia). It is also defined as â€Å"the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting 1answers.com/topic/dichotomy#ixzz1MVzwuwMt the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled†.(Barron’s Accounting dictionary). e) Corporate Ethics:   It is the study and evaluation of the decision making by the businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. Ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a companys obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social and philosophical questions, such as a companys responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights (Paluszek, 2005). f)   Corporate Social Responsibility: When an organization recognizes what are its corporate social responsibilities, it imposes a self regulation upon itself and its management system and the business model. This regulation enables the organization to monitor business practices to ensure that these practices and activities are in alignment with the law, ethical standards and international laws (Wood, 1991). Question 1: a) ‘Planning’ vs. ‘Learning’ For the success of any business, it is imperative that the organizations resolve some of the dichotomies that run in the business. Honda used to introduce their products by considering the geographical differences and cultural variations and it yielded them good results in their business as well. The dichotomy of whether an organization is a planning organization or learning one is very difficult to resolve (De Wit, B. and Meyer, R., 2004). Honda has handled and reconciled this dichotomy successfully; in view of Mintzberg (1987) Honda is a company which epitomized in a very exemplary way that it’s a ‘crafted’ organization rather than a ‘planned’ one. Pascal (1984) is also of the opinion that the mangers at Honda got the firsthand reaction on their automobiles by driving their own products and learnt after making simplest of the mistakes till they struck the right formula while entering the US motorcycle market. During the whole course of this entrance , they learned and made it a part of their system. Mintzberg (1989) has hailed Honda by declaring it as a company with some common sense, not overly-rational, but which learns from different markets and do not try to impose distant corporate views. It can be extracted from the case that the under discussion organization is learning one but with strategies planned with such detail and accuracy that the organizational system first learn then adjust itself to the changes in business environment easily. Honda case reveals the necessity of ‘emergent learning alongside deliberate planning’ Mair (1999), also Mintzberg (1991) is of the opinion that though both planning and learning are necessary , the leaning should come first, he has also argued that the rationale thinking on part of Honda would not have helped the organization sell its motorcycle in USA. Honda is strategically active organization with a well thought of and planned strategic system that is why it has been able to resolve this dichotomy successfully exchanging both planning and learning with each other. b)   ‘Positioning’ vs. ‘Developing internal resources’ It is very difficult for an organization to choose between deciding the positioning strategies of its product or to develop its internal resources in such a way that would automatically position its products better in minds of customers, Honda also faced this difficult scenario and got through it successfully again, though failures are inevitable part of this paradox, but the organization got through them as well. Many reasons could be cited to determine the rationale behind this success, Hamel and Prahalad (1994) are of the opinion that this was not to any significant part of its management of the dealers’ network, rather on the difference of driving the Honda experiences over its competitors. They have also stated that ‘Honda’s ability to produce some of the world’s best engines and power trains does provide customers with high valued benefits’. A large portion of company’s global sales comes from the conservative and simple brand like Civic and Accord, which is in contrast to the general opinion about Honda being the producer of mainly the sporty and technically innovative cars, these sales figures show how customers perceive its products, i.e. as a combination of high quality vehicles with low prices and this concept is based on Honda’s core capability of product and process designs. Also, the RD of Honda is stronger than its competitors mostly the Americans, as it introduces innovative products more frequently in the market (Hamel and Prahalad,1994), it presented Honda NSX was presented as a replacement of the Ferrari but at a fraction of the cost. It conducts research ad is able to identify customers’ and presented products which they wanted to have but didn’t know it themselves (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Yet today, it is making huge investments in strengthening its core capability of technological advancements, low – pollution power sources e.g. electric or solar power and less fuel co nsuming engines, so that a potential breakthrough in the market position could be achieved. Thus, Honda is integrating both these functioning successfully in attaining the competitive advantage in the global automobile industry. c)   ‘Product-related core competencies’ vs. ‘ Process-related core capabilities’ The technological edge that Honda enjoys over its competitors enables the organization to produce its well known internal combustion engines which in a way reduces pollution and the latest technology they introduced in their product is CVCC. Though the new models introduced by Honda are less in comparison to its competitor GM Ford, the quality of these new products helps it to gain the competitive advantage. This innovative technology is then also used in other product lines as well (motorcycles, automobiles and other power products). The technology developed for the power trains and engines is also transferred to other products such as cars, tractors, generators and marine engines (Mair, 1999). The manufacturing concerns depend heavily on their process related core competencies, which represent the quantity in contrast to the product related core competency which represents quality. Honda has acquired both competencies and is successfully utilizing them simultaneously by producing at a large scale and specializing in low polluted and less fuel consumption auto and power engines. As the organization believes on the right-first time principle, the outcome is the right one without with errors (Mair, 1999), enabling the organization to save time which would otherwise spend in resolving the errors if there are any in its products. Errors increase the operational cost and lead time for product availability, which would force shift in customers’ preference from their brand to other. Honda has developed another competency, i.e. built-in-quality, gained through various sub transformational tasks in operations and determines its effectiveness via observing customer satisfactio n. Thus, it proves that Honda has created an amalgam of both dichotomies by incorporating its core competencies both the products and process successfully. Whereas, Western manufacturers view their businesses and operations only with the perspective of the manufacturer, Honda views them both from manufacturers’ and customers’ point of view. Question 2: ‘Japanese management model’ vs. ‘Western management model’ Western organizations are more inclined to the managerial class in their enterprises, Japanese on the other hand, prefer the worker. As Hofstede (1993) has stated that, ‘the Japanese are controlled by their peers rather than by their managers’. Western organizations believe in â€Å"large lot mass production’ in manufacturing helping in reducing the cost and time, with few options in the hand of the customers, Japanese enterprises contrarily are based on the flexibility of production in which more importance is given to innovation (Mair, 1999). The recruitment in the Japanese firms are mainly made from the school levels on the basis of the general characteristics of the incumbent, they also believe in long-term relations with their employees rather than a short-term relation as are usually seen in the western organizations which break-off in the downslide periods. Also the western firms view the technical skills of the new entrant most important (Hofstede, 1993). Practices for the progress in the career of the employees also differ in both styles, Japanese give seniority most importance while western organizations view merit as the sole criteria.   Same is the case with remunerations paid in both systems, where Japanese prefer seniority while considering wages the western organizations give efficiency most importance. Human resources are the most important fixed assets in the Japanese organizations which in their counterparts is considered to be a semi variable asset. Japanese prefer working in teams and have open offices while in the western organizations offices are filled with cubicles and employees work individually. Group decision making is the charter of the Japanese organizations while western ones believe in the individualism with employees stick to the tasks given to them in western organization in contrast to the more independence given to workers in Japan. In Honda factories, they are performing free flow of assembly line system where employees are taking decision to send the product to the next level (Mair, 1997). Trade-offs between product quality, cost and delivery, with high quality costing more and vice versa are common thinking in the western style, Japanese model, on the other hand, follows â€Å"Right-First-Time† in which all the errors are removed during production. Priority is given to built-in-quality which in turn reduces production costs and also reduces product delivery time. Western enterprises practice centralized management where all decisions taken by the top management and implemented by the other staff in lower hierarchy, Japanese on the other hand, practice decentralized management which is characterized by the round table discussions. Thus western organizational structure is vertical and Japanese is horizontal (Mair, 1997). There are no doubts in the effectiveness of both the management styles, both are successful in their own capacity and also have their own shortcomings as well. An edge is obtained by the Japanese style due to better maintenance of and participation of employees in the decision making processes, customers could choose from various choices so quality is given the priority. Due to specific hierarchical system of management in Japanese organizations, the responsibilities are shared which brings out the best from all the employees. Question 3: ‘Corporate governance’ vs. ‘Corporate social responsibility’ Nowadays, CSR (corporate social responsibility) has consumed all focus of the managers in the world, an old thinking given new dimensions in the management function each organization is expected to exhibit some â€Å"ethical behavior and moral management†. Recently, the organizations have made it imperative to practice â€Å"corporate social responsibility† (Carroll, 2000). Automobile industry is the largest industry of the world after construction and grocery industries on capital and investment ratios with topping the list on technological perspective. Though Flores (20010 agrees that the main objective of this industry is to produce more cars with profitability, he is of the opinion that the profit should be made but not on the expense of ignoring responsibilities towards the community. Every organization makes CSR an imperative part of its corporate strategy as they have certain obligations towards the society from which they are generating their profit and of which they themselves are the part. Demands of organizational stakeholders are also met via CSR, through which the customers make notice of such organizations as a good one. CSR has a large horizon with social, economical and environmental aspects as its integral part. However most of the organizations try to avoid social and environmental aspects and cope up with economical aspects only (Aguilera, 2008). Honda strictly shows its commitment towards society by taking initiatives regarding environmental issues. Honda Civic, a new model of Honda was introduced with clear air test using Muskie Law and it was to follow the American environment regulations2. Crane, Matten and Laura (2007) stated that â€Å"CSR should not be considered as an ethical add on to the existing business, but it should be considered as a part and parcel of corporate strategy itself. Adoption of CSR activities eventually leads to prosperous company and society†. It helps organization building good name for them in the minds of customers, good relationship with employees, clients and other stakeholders which ultimately improves the organizational performance and profitability. If CSR is not being followed, the organizational business is affected as the firm’s good name will are destroyed in the customers’ minds. Thus, 2topgear.com/uk/honda/civic, organizations need to practice CSR, as it is vital in building a good rapport with the customers and increase business. By the introduction of environmental friendly engines with low pollution helped Honda to increase their revenue. It created a good name among its consumers as well. Apart from the financial aspects, non-financial aspects of an organization are also get affected by CSR, like selection and recruitment process of organization, employee motivation and employee retention and the innovation. Also, the environmental factors and ethical factors force the organization to come up with innovative products and these innovative products increase company’s overall profits as well and assist them to sustain in market for a long term by making better quality cars for their customers, it ultimately increases the reputation of the company. CSR enables the organization to get rid of risks and errors from their production and operations by realizing the upcoming issues. CSR are thus result in giving more competitive advantage and profit by marketing positions. As automobile companies are going greener and environmental free, cost of production may reduce and it will improve their performance in the market (Hill and Knowlton, 2006) Toyota Prius is a new model which is a hybrid car which runs using electricity and gas. Even though it is not fuel effective, it is sold in great numbers as they are eco friendly. Honda too introduced Hybrid cars and it attracted more customers as well. Thus it shows that companies who are following CSR can generate great profit. Toyota showed their CSR when one of their hybrid car models faced brake failure in the market and the same thing happens to Ferrari in the year 2010 as one of their model exploded. Honda was chosen as the top CSR Company in UK during the year 20063. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the study of this case that the managerial dichotomies in the organizations are well handled by our focused organization i.e. Honda. Despite some failures in the course of these applications, the overall performance of Honda is satisfactory and can be called successful, creating an example to follow for other organizations on how to perform specially in the period of downslides. Honda handles these dichotomies with precision, applying a web-like organizational structure i.e. the combination of both vertical and horizontal systems of hierarchy levels in the management, implying teamwork and individualism simultaneously and developing both formal and informal relationships within the organization and also outside with other business organizations or the stakeholders. As the managerial dichotomies that exist at the business and corporate levels and are more complex and multilayered as compared to those present at the operational levels, they should be handled with gre at care and planning and Honda has been very successful in achieving this target. This handling of these dichotomies has attracted global management and strategic theorists to shift their focus from studying the strategies adopted by the western organizations to those adopted by their Japanese counterparts mainly Honda. Western management thinking of â€Å"trade-offs† between various vital functions 3marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=672 Like product quality cost, cost product delivery etc are challenged by Honda by developing â€Å"build in quality process†. The firm is also focusing in manufacturing high quality technological cars to attract customers who go for the quality with low cost rather than other aspects. Honda has also left behind its competitors in the field of product development, with continuously bringing in new products with less fuel consumption engines, a core competency of the organization, power engines not only for heavy vehicles but for product lines of motorcycles and cars as well. The introduction of new products in the market are also made at sufficient intervals and with great care, planning and RD, when the consumers are desperately start looking for more advanced and sophisticated products / models. The organization avoids re-launching its existing brand with only some face-lifts done to the previous models. REFERENCES A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. Carroll (1979), A Three Dimensional model of corporate performance, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4. pp. 497-505 Andrew Mair (1997), Reconciling managerial dichotomies at Honda Motors Andrew Mair (1999), Learning from Japan? Interpretations of Honda Motors by Strategic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management Theorists Bob De Wit and Ron Meyer (2004) â€Å"STRATEGY Process, Content, Context an International Perspective† (3rd edition), Thomson publishers, New York Business Reference Services Fall 2004. Chithra Gopal R.S. (2006), Global Automobile Industry: Changing with Times D Wood (1991), Corporate Social Performance Revisited, The Academy of Management Review Richard T. Pascal (1984), Perspectives on strategy: the real story behind Honda’s success, California Management Review. Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad (1994), Competing for the Future, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Geert Hofstede (1993), Cultural constraints in management theories, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, No. 1. Henry Mintzberg (1987), Crafting Strategy, Harvard Business Review, July – Aug, pp. 66 – 75 Henry Mintzberg (1989), Mintzberg on Management, New York: the Free Press Henry Mintzberg (1991), Learning 1 Planning 0: Reply to Igor Ansoff, Strategic Management Journal, 12: 464 – 466. Intelli Zen,   intelli-zen.com/?p=9 John Paluszek (2005), Ethics and Brand Value: Strategic Differentiation, Business and Organizational Ethics Partnership Steve Wickham (2009), Leadership Vs Management Dichotomy honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=20010103000988 http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/11/auto_industry_bailout_may_be_w.html marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=672 forbes.com/2002/04/09/0409autos.html answers.com/topic/dichotomy#ixzz1MVzwuwMt topgear.com/uk/honda/civic,